BMJ

Copyright British Medical Journal 1998. All Rights Reserved.

Volume 316(7140)             April 25, 1998             pp 1295-1298

Fortnightly review: Adverse drug reactions
[Clinical Review]

Pirmohamed, Munir; Breckenridge, Alasdair M; Kitteringham, Neil R; Park, B Kevin

Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX.
Munir Pirmohamed, senior lecturer in clinical pharmacology.
Alasdair M Breckenridge, professor of clinical pharmacology.
Neil R Kitteringham, senior lecturer in pharmacology.
B Kevin Park, professor of pharmacology.
Correspondence to: Dr Pirmohamed munirp@liv.ac.uk.
BMJ 1998;316:1295-8.


Part One

REFERENCES

1. Asscher AW, Parr GD, Whitmarsh VB. Towards the safer use of medicines. BMJ 1995;311:1003-5. [Fulltext Link] [Medline Link] [Context Link]

2. Rawlins MD. Pharmacovigilance: paradise lost, regained or postponed? J R Coll Physicians Lond 1995;29:41-9. [Medline Link] [Context Link]

3. Einarson TR. Drug-related hospital admissions. Ann Pharmacother 1993;27:832-40. [Medline Link] [Context Link]

4. Bates DW, Cullen DJ, Laird N, Petersen LA, Small SD, Servi D, et al. Incidence of adverse drug events and potential adverse drug events-implications for prevention. JAMA 1995;274:29-34. [Fulltext Link] [Medline Link] [Context Link]

5. Bates DW, Spell N, Cuilen DJ, Burdick E, Laird N, Petersen LA, et al. The costs of adverse drug events in hospitalized patients. JAMA 1997;277:307-1 [Fulltext Link] [Medline Link] [Context Link]

6. Classen DC, Pestotnik SL, Evans RS, Lloyd JF, Burke JP. Adverse drug events in hospitalized patients. Excess length of stay, extra costs, and attributable mortality. JAMA 1997;277:301-6. [Fulltext Link] [Medline Link] [Context Link]

7. Rawlins MD, Thompson JW. Mechanisms of adverse drug reactions. In: Davies DM, ed. Textbook of adverse drug reactions. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991:18-45. [Context Link]

8. McKenzie R, Fried MW, Sallie R, Conjeevaram H, Dibisceglie AM, Park Y, et al. Hepatic-failure and lactic-acidosis due to fialuridine (fiau), an investigational nucleoside analog for chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1099- 105. [Fulltext Link] [Medline Link] [Context Link]

9. Lewis W, Levine ES, Griniuviene B, Tankersley KO, Colacino JM, Sommadossi J-P, et al. Fialuridine and its metabolites inhibit DNA polymerase gamma at sites of multiple adjacent analog incoroporation, decrease mtDNA abundance, and cause mitochondrial structural defects in cultured hepatoblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:3592-7. [Medline Link] [Context Link]

10. Atkin PA, Shenfield GM. Medication-related adverse reactions and the elderly: a literature review. Adverse Drug Reactions Toxicol Rev 1995;14:175-91. [Context Link]

11. Harb GE, Jacobson MA. Human immunodeficiency virus infection: does it increase susceptibility to adverse drug reactions? Drug Safety 1993;9:1-8. [Medline Link] [Context Link]

12. Park BK, Pirmohamed M, Kitteringham NR. Idiosyncratic drug reactions: a mechanistic evaluation of risk factors. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992;34:377-95. [Medline Link] [Context Link]

13. Pirmohamed M, Kitteringham NR, Park BK. The role of active metabolites in drug toxicity. Drug Safety 1994;11:114-44. [Medline Link] [Context Link]

14. Williams RT. The metabolism of foreign compounds and the detoxication mechanisms. In: Detoxication mechanisms. New York: Wiley, 1959:717-40. [Context Link]

15. Shah RR, Oates NS, Idle JR, Smith RL, Lockhart JDF. Impaired oxidation of debrisoquine in patients with perhexilene neuropathy. BMJ 1982;284:295-8. [Context Link]

16. Pirmohamed M, Madden S, Park BK. Idiosyncratic drug reactions: metabolic bioactivation as a pathogenic mechanism. Clin Pharmacokinet 1996;31:215- 30. [Medline Link] [Context Link]

17. Bray GP. Liver failure induced by paracetamol. BMJ 1993;306:157- 8. [Fulltext Link] [Medline Link] [Context Link]

18. Zimmerman HJ, Maddrey WC. Acetaminophen (paracetamol) hepatotoxicity with regular intake of alcohol: analysis of instances of therapeutic misadventure. Hepatology 1995;22:767-73. [Medline Link] [Context Link]

19. Nelson SD. Molecular mechanisms of the hepatotoxicity caused by acetaminophen. Semin Liver Dis 1990;10:267-78. [Medline Link] [Context Link]

20. Lauterburg BH, Velez ME. Glutathione deficiency in alcoholics: risk factor for paracetamol hepatotoxicity. Gul 1988;29:1153-7. [Context Link]

21. Raucy JL, Lasker JM, Lieber CS, Black M. Acetaminophen activation by human liver cytochromes P-45011E1 and P-4501A2. Arch Biochem Biophys 1989;271:270-83. [Medline Link] [Context Link]

22. Lee SST, Buters JTM, Pineau T, Fernandezsalguero P, Gonzalez FJ. Role of cyp2el in the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen. J Biol Chem 1996;271:12063-7. [Medline Link] [Context Link]

23. Pohl LR, Satoh H, Christ DD, Kenna JG. Immunologic and metabolic basis of drug hypersensitivities. Ann Rev Pharmacol 1988;28:367-87. [Context Link]

24. Park BK, Coleman JW, Kitteringham NR. Drug disposition and drug hypersensitivity. Biochem Pharmacol 1987;36:581-90. [Medline Link] [Context Link]

25. Weiss ME, Adkinson MF. Immediate hypersensitivity reactions to penicillin and related antibiotics. Clin Allergy 1988;18:515-40. [Medline Link] [Context Link]

26. Park BK, Pirmohamed M, Kitteringham NR. The role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in hepatic and extrahepatic human drug toxicity. Pharmacol Ther 1995;68:385-424. [Medline Link] [Context Link]

27. Pohl LR. Drug-induced allergic hepatitis. Semin Liver Dis 1990;10:305-15. [Medline Link] [Context Link]

28. Beaune PH, Bourdi M. Autoantibodies against cytochrome P-450 in drug induced autoimmune hepatitis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993;685:641-5. [Medline Link] [Context Link]

29. Friedmann PS, Strickland I, Pirmohamed M, Park BK. Investigation of mechanisms in toxic epidermal necrolysis induced by carbamazepine. Arch Dermatol 1994;130:598-604. [Medline Link] [Context Link]

30. Koopmans PP, van der Ven AJAM, Vree TB, van der Meer JWM. Pathogenesis of hypersensitivity reactions to drugs in patients with HIV infection-allergic or toxic. AIDS 1995;9:217-22. [Medline Link] [Context Link]

31. Van der Ven AJ, Koopmans PP, Vree TB, van der Meer JW. Adverse reactions to co-trimoxazole in HIV infection. Lancet 1991;ii:431-3. [Medline Link] [Context Link]

32. Rocderer M, Staal FJT; Osada H, Herzenberg LA, Herzenberg LA. CD4 and CD8 T cells with high intracellular glutathione levels are selectively lost as the HIV infection progresses. Int Immunol 1991;3:933-7. [Medline Link] [Context Link]

33. Buhl R, Holroyd KJ, Mastrangeli A, Cantin AM, Jaffe HA, Wells FB, et al. Systemic glutathione deficiency in symptom-free HIV-scropositive individuals. Lancel 1989;ii:1294-8. [Context Link]

34. Aukrust P, Svardal AM, Muller F, Lunden B, Berge RK, Ueland PM, et al. Increased levels of oxidized glutathione in CD4+ lymphocytes associated with disturbed intracellular redox balance in human immuno-deficiency virus type 1 infection. Blood 1995;86:258-67. [Medline Link] [Context Link]

35. Pirmohamed M, Williams D, Tingle MD, Barry M, Khoo SH, O'Mahony C, et al. Intracellular glutathione in the peripheral blood cells of HIV-infected patients: failure to show a deficiency. AIDS 1996;10:501-7. [Medline Link] [Context Link]

36. Stricker BHC. Drug-induced hepatic injury. 2nd ed. Vol 5. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 1992. [Context Link]

37. Belton KJ, Lewis SC, Payne S, Rawlins MD. Attitudinal survey of adverse drug reaction reporting by medical practitioners in the United Kingdom. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1995;39:223-6. [Medline Link] [Context Link]

38. Smith CC, Bennett PM, Pearce HM, Harrison PI, Reynolds DJM, Aronson JK, et al. Adverse drug reactions in a hospital general medical unit meriting notification to the Committee on Safety of Medicines. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1996;42:423- 9. [Medline Link] [Context Link]

39. Kessler DA. Introducing MEDWatch: a new approach to reporting medication and device adverse effects and product problems. JAMA 1993;269:2765-8. [Medline Link] [Context Link]



HEAL
TORONTO

HOME



You are visitor since April 26th, 1999.